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We contend that conservation of bear populations and their habitats requires alliances between resource agencies and environmentalists-conservationists from non-governmental environmental organizations (NGEO). Although agencies and NGEOs usually have similar missions, collaborations is often the exception rather than the rule. This paper identifies the perspectives and constraints within agencies and NGEOs that frequently lead to confrontation instead of cooperation. We review 2 case histories of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) conservation efforts, discuss lessons learned, and offer recommendations regarding collaboration between agencies and environmental organizations. The first case involves the National Audubon Society's work (1999-2001) on the Kenai Brown Bear Conservation Strategy in Alaska, USA. The second involves the National Wildlife Federation and Defenders of Wildlife collaboration (1995-2001) on the plan to reintroduce grizzlies to the Selway-Bitterroot area of Montana and Idaho, USA.