Exploration of Optimal Backcountry Travel Patterns in Grizzly Bear Habitat

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Trade-offs among backcountry management objectives were explored for the northern half of Glacier National Park, Montana. Parametric linear programming was employed to quantify the trade-offs among 5 objectives, consisting of 3 measures of trail-related contact between grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and humans (dangerous, nondangerous, total), a measure of solitude at the backcountry campsites, and the volume of backcountry overnight use. Contact indices were developed for these measures of contact for 3 time periods for each of 85 trail segments in the study area. Optimal patterns of backcountry overnight use were identified for various combinations of objectives within 2 management models. The first model minimizes all trail-related contacts between humans and grizzlies. The second model minimizes only dangerous contacts. Parametric linear programming is shown to be a powerful technique for dealing with multiobjective problems of the size and complexity considered in this study.